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References "Renewable Energy Can Meet Virginia's Needs"

[1] http://www.energy.vt.edu/vept/energyover/overdiagram.asp

[2] Michael Karmis, “A Study of Increased Use of Renewable Energy Resources in Virginia,” The Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Nov. 11, 2005.

[3] U.S. Department of Energy, Virginia Wind Resource Map, Mar. 7, 2006 <http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica/maps_template.asp?stateab=va>.

[4] This number is 1373 MW of class 3+ onshore wind, and 2718MW of offshore wind

[5] It should be noted of course, that the VCCR study does not conclude this. The report as a whole discounts significant contributions from wind and solar energy for status-quo economic reasons. NREL limits Virginia’s wind potential by declaring that of the total potential it has calculated, only the wind that could be carried by 20% of existing transmission lines should be counted.

[6] National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “Wind Energy Resource Atlas of the United States,” <http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap3/3-32m.html>.

[7] Wind Energy Development Programmatic EIS, “Wind Energy Development Environmental Concerns” <http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/concern/index.cfm>.

[8] U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Energy Resources in Virginia, Dec. 9, 2005 <http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/resources_va.cfm>.

[9] The thin-film technology developed by Dr. Vivian Alberts uses a compound semiconductor of copper, indium, gallium, selenium, and sulphide. 

[10] “SA solar research eclipses rest of the world,” IOL – Independent News and Media, February 11, 2006,http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=143&art_id=vn20060211110132138C184427.

[11] Michael Karmis, “A Study of Increased Use of Renewable Energy Resources in Virginia,” The Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Nov. 11, 2005.

[12]   Chaudhari, Maya, Lisa Frantzis, Tom E Hoff, “PV Grid Connected Market Potential Under a Cost Breakthrough Scenario,” September 2004, The Energy Foundation and Navigant Consulting, p. 33.[13]

[14] U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Energy Resources in Virginia, Dec. 9, 2005 <http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/resources_va.cfm>.

[15] Virginia Energy Patterns and Trends, Total Renewable Net Generation 1990-2002, 2006 <http://www.energy.vt.edu/vept/renewables/hydro/renew_gen.asp>.

[16] Conventional dams have had serious impacts on rivers. Turbines have killed large numbers of fish swimming downstream and blocked others from migrating upstream to feed and reproduce. Water quality is also deteriorated, as the concentration of metals and sediment organic matter in the water increases after construction, and the dams themselves push oxygen into water below the turbines. Rivers above dams also tend to become slow and stratified, resulting in the build up of sediment that makes layers of the river unlivable for aquatic life. Dam construction has also flooded large swaths of land, often unbalancing local ecosystems, covering important farmland, and endangering various species.

[17] “Advanced Hydropower Technology, U.S. Department of Energy – Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office – Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program, www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/printable_versions/hydro_advtech.htm.

[18] "Insurmountable Risks: The Dangers of Using Nuclear Power to Combat Global Climate Change, pg 64-65, 84

[19] Goldberg, Marshall, “Federal Energy Subsidies: Not All Technologies Are  Created Equally,” Research Report No. 11, Renewable Energy Policy Project, p. 7. Figures are in 1999 dollars, and subsidies are from their inception in 1947 through 1999.

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