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The Dangers of Low-Level Radiation Released by Nuclear Power Plants

On June 29, 2005,  the National Academies of Science (NAS) released a landmark report called "Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation" - known as BEIR VII (Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation).

After comprehensively reviewing the scientific evidence to date, the report confirms that low-levels of ionizing radiation pose a risk to human health. According to the report, the risk of cancer and other health problems from low-levels of radiation exposure is equal or slightly greater than previously thought.

Specifically, the report supports a "linear, no-threshold" (LNT) model, in which the risk of adverse health effects increases proportionately with exposure. The report clearly states that there is no level of radiation exposure that is harmless or beneficial, and that even the smallest dose of ionizing radiation is capable of contributing to the development of cancer. The report also urges more research to determine whether low doses of radiation can cause other health problems, such as heart disease and stroke.

The health effects of low-level ionizing radiation are extremely important because nuclear power plants routinely release slightly radioactive gases and liquids, and the nuclear fuel cycle produces a large amount of low-level radioactive waste. As the nuclear industry looks to build new nuclear reactors for the first time in 25 years, more of this material is expected to reach the public.

While this has concerned many people, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has continued to downplay the risks posed by low-level ionizing radiation. In fact, in April 2005 NRC proposed a policy that would permit the regular release of large amounts of radioactive material into municipal landfills and recycled materials, with no system for tracking it. The proposed policy was deferred for two years by a Commission ruling in May, but the underlying premise is endorsed by the Commission and Staff, and is a sign of things to come.

The BEIR VII report is a clear signal that NRC should not be proceeding in this manner. With the confirmation that even the lowest levels of ionizing radiation can negatively affect human health, Public Citizen emphasizes the alternatives to nuclear power, and calls for the continued regulatory control and isolation of all radioactive material.

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